% Lewontin paper references

@BOOK{lewi90,
	AUTHOR = "B. Lewin",
	TITLE = "Genes IV",
	YEAR = 1990,
	PUBLISHER = {Oxford University Press},
	ADDRESS = {Oxford, UK}}

@MISC{lewo93,
	AUTHOR = "R. C. Lewontin",
	MONTH = "October",
	YEAR = 1993,
	NOTE = "Personal communication."}

@ARTICLE{male93,
	AUTHOR = "C. C. Maley and H. Caswell",
	TITLE = "Implementing i-state Configuration Models for Population 
		 Dynamics:  An Object-oriented Programming Approach",
	JOURNAL = {Ecological Modelling},
	YEAR = 1993,
	VOLUME = 68,
	PAGES = {75-89}}


@INPROCEEDINGS{casw92,
	AUTHOR = "H. Caswell and A. M. John",
	EDITOR = "D. Deangelis and L. Gross",
	TITLE = "From the Individual to the Population in Demographic Models.",
	BOOKTITLE = "Individual-based Models and Approaches in Ecology",
	PUBLISHER = {Chapman and Hill},
	ADDRESS = {New York},
	YEAR = 1992,
	PAGES = {36-61}}

@TECHREPORT{jone93,
	AUTHOR = "T. Jones and S. Forrest",
	TITLE = "An Introduction to SFI Echo",
	INSTITUTION = "The Santa Fe Institute",
	YEAR = 1993,
	NUMBER = {93-12-074}}

@BOOK{holl92,
	AUTHOR = "J. H. Holland",
	TITLE = "Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems",
	YEAR = 1992,
	PUBLISHER = {MIT Press},
	ADDRESS = {Cambridge, MA}}

@TECHREPORT{holl93,
	AUTHOR = "J. H. Holland",
	TITLE = "Echoing Emergence: Objectives, Rough Definitions, 
		 and Speculations for Echo-Class Models.",
	INSTITUTION = "Santa Fe Institute",
	YEAR = 1993,
	NUMBER = {93-04-023}}


@ARTICLE{lind94,
	AUTHOR = "K. Lindgren and M. G. Nordahl",
	TITLE = "Cooperation and Community Structure in Artificial Ecosystems",
	JOURNAL = {Artificial Life},
	YEAR = 1994,
	VOLUME = 1,
	PAGES = {15-38}}

@INPROCEEDINGS{ray92,
	AUTHOR = "T. S. Ray",
	EDITOR = "C. G. Langton and C. Taylor and J. D. Farmer and 
		  S. Rasmussen",
	TITLE = "An Approach to the Synthesis of Life",
	BOOKTITLE = "Artificial Life II",
	PUBLISHER = {Addison-Wesley},
	ADDRESS = {Reading, MA},
	YEAR = 1992,
	PAGES = {371-408}}

@INCOLLECTION{hami91,
	AUTHOR = "W. D. Hamilton",
	EDITOR = "S. Osawa and T. Honjo",
	TITLE = "The Seething Genetics of Health and the Evolution of Sex.",
	BOOKTITLE = "Evolution of Life: Fossils, Molecules, and Culture.",
	PUBLISHER = {Springer-Verlag},
	ADDRESS = {New York, NY},
	YEAR = 1991,
	PAGES = {229-251}}

@BOOK{dawk89,
	AUTHOR = "R. Dawkins",
	TITLE = "The Selfish Gene",
	YEAR = 1989,
	PUBLISHER = {Oxford University Press},
	ADDRESS = {New York, NY}}


@ARTICLE{hust88,
	AUTHOR = "M. Huston and D. DeAngelis and W. Post",
	TITLE = "New Computer Models Unify Ecological Theory.",
	JOURNAL = {Bioscience},
	YEAR = 1988,
	VOLUME = 38,
	NUMBER = 10,
	PAGES = {682-691}}

@ARTICLE{vale86,
	AUTHOR = "J. W. Valentine and T. D. Walker",
	TITLE = "Diversity Trends within a Model Taxonomic Hierarchy.",
	JOURNAL = {Physica},
	YEAR = 1986,
	VOLUME = {22D},
	PAGES = {31-42}}

@INPROCEEDINGS{coll92,
	AUTHOR = "R. Collins and D. Jefferson",
	EDITOR = "F. J. Varela and P. Bourgine",
	TITLE = "The Evolution of Sexual Selection and Female Choice",
	BOOKTITLE = "Toward a Practice of Autonomous Systems:  
		     Proceedings of the First European Conference on 
		     Artificial Life",
	PUBLISHER = {MIT Press},
	YEAR = 1992,
	PAGES = {327-336}}


@ARTICLE{kauf91,
	AUTHOR = "S.A. Kauffman and S. Johnsen",
	TITLE = "Coevolution to the Edge of Chaos:  Coupled Fitness Landscapes,
		 Poised States, and Coevolutionary Avalanches.",
	JOURNAL = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
	YEAR = 1991,
	VOLUME = 149,
	PAGES = {467-505}}

@BOOK{kauf93,
	AUTHOR = "S. A. Kauffman",
	TITLE = "The Origins of Order",
	YEAR = 1993,
	PUBLISHER = {Oxford University Press},
	ADDRESS = {Oxford, UK}}

@INPROCEEDINGS{male94,
	AUTHOR = "C. C. Maley",
	EDITOR = "R. Brooks and P. Maes",
	TITLE = "A Model of the Effects of Dispersal Distance on the 
		 Evolution of Virulence in Parasites.",
	BOOKTITLE = "Artificial Life IV",
	PUBLISHER = {MIT Press},
	ADDRESS = {Cambridge, MA},
	PAGES = {152-159},
	YEAR = 1994}

@ARTICLE{bak93,
	AUTHOR = "P. Bak and K. Sneppen",
	TITLE = "Punctuated Equilibrium and Criticality in a 
		 Simple Model of Evolution",
	JOURNAL = {Physical Review Letters},
	YEAR = 1993,
	VOLUME = 71,
	NUMBER = 24,
	PAGES = {4083-4086}}

@ARTICLE{smit92, 
	AUTHOR = "J. Maynard Smith",
	TITLE = "Byte-Sized Evolution",
	JOURNAL = {Nature},
	YEAR = 1992,
	VOLUME = 355,
	PAGES = {772-773}}

@INCOLLECTION{smit94,
	AUTHOR = "J. Maynard Smith",
	EDITOR = "E. Sober",
	TITLE = "Optimization Theory in Evolution",
	BOOKTITLE = "Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary Biology",
	PUBLISHER = {MIT Press},
	ADDRESS = {Cambridge, MA},
	YEAR = 1994,
	PAGES = {91-118}}

@BOOK{smit82,
	AUTHOR = "J. Maynard Smith",
	TITLE = "Evolution and the Theory of Games",
	YEAR = 1982,
	PUBLISHER = {Cambridge University Press},
	ADDRESS = {Cambridge, UK}}

@INCOLLECTION{lewo79,
	AUTHOR = "R. C. Lewontin",
	EDITOR = "D. J. Horn and G. R. Stairs and R. D. Mitchell",
	TITLE = "Fitness, Survival, and Optimality",
	BOOKTITLE = "Analysis of Ecological Systems",
	PUBLISHER = {Ohio State University Press},
	ADDRESS = {Columbus, OH},
	YEAR = 1979,
	PAGES = {3-22}}

@ARTICLE{boer91,  
	AUTHOR = "M. Boerlijst and P. Hogeweg",
	TITLE = "Spiral Wave Structure in Prebiotic Evolution:
		 Hypercycles Stable Against Parasites",
	JOURNAL = {Physica},
	YEAR = 1991,
	VOLUME = {48D},
	PAGES = {17-28}}

@PROCEEDINGS{lang89,
	EDITOR = "C. G. Langton",
	TITLE = "Artificial Life",
	PUBLISHER = {Addison-Wesley},
	ADDRESS = {Reading, MA},
	YEAR = 1989}

@PROCEEDINGS{lang92,
	EDITOR = "C. G. Langton and C. E. Taylor and J. D. Farmer 
		  and S. Rasmussen",
	TITLE = "Artificial Life II",
	PUBLISHER = {Addison-Wesley},
	ADDRESS = {Reading, MA},
	YEAR = 1992}

@PROCEEDINGS{lang94,
	EDITOR = "C. G. Langton",
	TITLE = "Artificial Life III",
	PUBLISHER = {Addison-Wesley},
	ADDRESS = {Reading, MA},
	YEAR = 1994}

@ARTICLE{tayl94,
	AUTHOR = "C. Taylor and D. Jefferson",
	TITLE = "Artificial Life as a Tool for Biological Inquiry.",
	JOURNAL = {Artificial Life},
	YEAR = 1994,
	VOLUME = 1,
	PAGES = {1-14}}

@BOOK{axel84,
	AUTHOR = "R. Axelrod",
	TITLE = "The Evolution of Cooperation",
	YEAR = 1984,
	PUBLISHER = {Basic Books},
	ADDRESS = {New York, NY}}

@ARTICLE{axel81,
	AUTHOR = "R. Axelrod and W. D. Hamilton",
	TITLE = "The Evolution of Cooperation",
	JOURNAL = {Science},
	YEAR = 1981,
	VOLUME = 211,
	PAGES = {1390-1396}}


@ARTICLE{nowa93,
	AUTHOR = "M. Nowak and K. Sigmund",
	TITLE = "A Strategy of Win-Stay, Lose-Shift that Outperforms 
		 Tit-for-Tat in the Prisoner's Dilemma Game.",
	JOURNAL = {Nature},
	YEAR = 1993,
	VOLUME = 364,
	PAGES = {56-58}}

@ARTICLE{mili93,
	AUTHOR = "M. Milinski",
	TITLE = "Cooperation Wins and Stays",
	JOURNAL = {Nature},
	YEAR = 1993,
	VOLUME = 364,
	PAGES = {12-13}}

@ARTICLE{boyd89,
	AUTHOR = "R. Boyd",
	TITLE = "Mistakes Allow Evolutionary Stability in the 
		 Repeated Prisoner's Dilemma Game.",
	JOURNAL = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
	YEAR = 1989,
	VOLUME = 136,
	PAGES = {47-56}}

@ARTICLE{boyd87,
	AUTHOR = "R. Boyd and J. P. Lorberbaum",
	TITLE = "No Pure Strategy is Evolutionarily Stable in the 
		 Repeated Prisoner's Dilemma Game.",
	JOURNAL = {Nature},
	YEAR = 1987,
	VOLUME = 327,
	PAGES = {58-59}}

@ARTICLE{nowa92,
	AUTHOR = "M. A. Nowak and K. Sigmund",
	TITLE = "Tit for Tat in Heterogeneous Populations",
	JOURNAL = {Nature},
	YEAR = 1992,
	VOLUME = 355,
	PAGES = {250-253}}

@ARTICLE{wilk84,
	AUTHOR = "G. S. Wilkinson",
	TITLE = "Reciprocal Food Sharing in the Vampire Bat.",
	JOURNAL = {Nature},
	YEAR = 1984,
	VOLUME = 308,
	PAGES = {181-184}}

@INCOLLECTION{cris88,
	AUTHOR = "V. J. Cristofalo",
	EDITOR = "J.E. Birren and V.L. Bengtson",
	TITLE = "An Overview of the Theories of Biological Aging",
	BOOKTITLE = "Emergent Theories of Aging",
	PUBLISHER = {Springer Publishing Company, Inc.},
	ADDRESS = {New York, NY},
	YEAR = 1988,
	PAGES = {118-126}}

@INCOLLECTION{cutl78,
	AUTHOR = "R. G. Cutler",
	EDITOR = "J.A. Behnke and C.E. Ellicott and G. Moment",
	TITLE = "Evolutionary Biology of Senescence",
	BOOKTITLE = "The Biology of Aging.",
	PUBLISHER = {Plenum Press},
	ADDRESS = {New York, NY},
	YEAR = 1978,
	PAGES = {311-359}}

@INCOLLECTION{sonn78,
	AUTHOR = "T. M. Sonneborn",
	EDITOR = "J.A. Behnke and C.E. Ellicott and G. Moment",
	TITLE = "The Origin, Evolution, Nature, and Causes of Aging",
	BOOKTITLE = "The Biology of Aging.",
	PUBLISHER = {Plenum Press},
	ADDRESS = {New York, NY},
	YEAR = 1978,
	PAGES = {361-374}}

@ARTICLE{bell84,
	AUTHOR = "G. Bell",
	TITLE = "Evolutionary and Nonevolutionary Theories of Senescence",
	JOURNAL = {American Naturalist},
	YEAR = 1984,
	VOLUME = 124,
	PAGES = {600-603}}

@ARTICLE{part93,
	AUTHOR = "L. Partridge and N.H. Barton",
	TITLE = "Optimality, Mutation and the Evolution of Aging",
	JOURNAL = {Nature},
	YEAR = 1993,
	VOLUME = 362,
	PAGES = {305-311}}

@BOOK{colm82,
	AUTHOR = "A. M. Colman",
	TITLE = "Game Theory and Experimental Games",
	YEAR = 1982,
	PUBLISHER = {Pergamon Press Inc.},
	ADDRESS = {Elmsford, NY}}

@BOOK{gold89,
	AUTHOR = "D. E. Goldberg",
	TITLE = "Genetic Algorithms: In Search, Optimization and 
		 Machine Learning",
	YEAR = 1989,
	PUBLISHER = {Addison-Wesley},
	ADDRESS = {Reading, MA}}


@INPROCEEDINGS{back93,
	AUTHOR = {T. B\"{a}ck},
	EDITOR = "S. Forrest",
	TITLE = "Optimal Mutation Rates in Genetic Search",
	BOOKTITLE = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on 
		     Genetic Algorithms",
	PUBLISHER = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers},
	ADDRESS = {San Mateo, CA},
	YEAR = 1993,
	PAGES = {2-8}}

@INPROCEEDINGS{bram91,
	AUTHOR = "M. F. Bramlette",
	EDITOR = "K. Belew and B. Booker",
	TITLE = "Initialization, Mutation and Selection Methods in
		 Genetic Algorithms for Function Optimization",
	BOOKTITLE = "Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on 
		     Genetic Algorithms",
	PUBLISHER = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers},
	ADDRESS = {San Mateo, CA},
	YEAR = 1991,
	PAGES = {100=107}}

@INPROCEEDINGS{tate93,
	AUTHOR = "D. M. Tate and A. E. Smith",
	EDITOR = "S. Forrest",
	TITLE = "Expected Allele Coverage and the Role of Mutation in 
		 Genetic Algorithms",
	BOOKTITLE = "Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on 
		     Genetic Algorithms",
	PUBLISHER = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers},
	ADDRESS = {San Mateo, CA},
	YEAR = 1993,
	PAGES = {31-37}}

@INCOLLECTION{back92,
	AUTHOR = {T. B\"{a}ck},
	EDITOR = {R. M\"{a}nner and B. Manderick},
	TITLE = "The Interaction of Mutation Rate, Selection, 
		 and Self-Adaptation Within a Genetic Algorithm",
	BOOKTITLE = "Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, 2",
	PUBLISHER = {Elsevier Science Pubishers},
	ADDRESS = {Amsterdam},
	YEAR = 1992,
	PAGES = {85-94}}

@INCOLLECTION{hess90,
	AUTHOR = {J. Hesser and R. M\"{a}nner},
	EDITOR = {H.-P. Schwefel and R. M\"{a}nner},
	TITLE = "Towards an Optimal Mutation Probability for 
		 Genetic Algorithms",
	BOOKTITLE = "Parallel Problem Solving from Nature",
	PUBLISHER = {Springer-Verlag},
	ADDRESS = {New York},
	YEAR = 1990,
	PAGES = {23-32}}

@INCOLLECTION{muhl92,
	AUTHOR = {H. M\"{u}hlenbein},
	EDITOR = {R. M\"{a}nner and B. Manderick},
	TITLE = "How Genetic Algorithms Really Work I: 
		 Mutation and Hillclimbing",
	BOOKTITLE = "Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, 2",
	PUBLISHER = {Elsevier Science Pubishers},
	ADDRESS = {Amsterdam},
	YEAR = 1992,
	PAGES = {15-26}}


@inproceedings{foga89,
        author       = "Terence C. Fogarty",
        title        = "Varying the Probability of Mutation in the
                        Genetic Algorithm",
        booktitle    = "Proceedings of the Third International
                        Conference on Genetic Algorithms",
        year         = "1989",
        pages        = "104-109"}

%On determining a global (or almost) set of control parameters, one
%of which is the mutation rate.

@article{gref86,
        author  = "John J. Grefenstette",
        title   = "Optimization of Control Parameters for Genetic Algorithms",
        journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics",
        year    = "1986",
        volume  = "SMC-16",
        number  = "1",
        pages   = "122-128",
        month   = "January/February"}

@phdthesis{dejo75,
        author  = "K. A. {De Jong}",
        title   = "Analysis of the Behavior of a Class of Genetic 
		   Adaptive Systems",
        school  = "University of Michigan",
        year    = "1975"}

%These may be completely unrelated, I wasn't sure.  They compare the
%"usefulness" of crossover vs mutation for the GA.

@inproceedings{scha91,
        author       = "J. David Schaffer and Larry J. Eshelman",
        title        = "On Crossover as an Evolutionarily Viable Strategy",
        booktitle    = "Proceedings of the Fourth International
                        Conference on Genetic Algorithms",
        year         = "1991",
        pages        = "61-68"}

@inproceedings{eshe93,
        author       = "Larry J. Eshelman and J. David Schaffer",
        title        = "Crossover's Niche",
        booktitle    = "Proceedings of the Fifth International
                        Conference on Genetic Algorithms",
        year         = "1993",
        pages        = "9-14"}